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A-Z Glossary of Art Terms
Brief explanation of terminology used in the theory and exercise of art.
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J-Fifty - M - N - O - PQ - R - South - T - U-Z
A
Aboriginal Rock Art
Commonly refers to Australian rock painting and petroglyphs.
Abstract fine art
Sick-defined and very widely used term which in its about general sense describes whatever art in which form and colour are stressed at the expense, or in the absenteeism of, a representational image. Also known every bit concrete art or non-objective art.
Academic fine art
Literally, belonging to an Academy of art. Likewise: derogatory term meaning conventional, stereotyped, derivative.
Acrylic Painting
Uses a fast-drying, synthetic, water soluble paint that can be used on well-nigh surfaces. Made from colour pigments and a constructed plastic folder, acrylic pigment looks similar oil and can be used in a multifariousness of painting techniques.
Aegean Art
From various cultures around the eastern Mediterranean from c.2800 BCE to 1400 BCE, including Cycladic, Minoan (from Crete), and Mycenean.
Aerial perspective
A way of suggesting the far distance in a landscape by using paler colours (sometimes tinged with blue), less pronounced tones, and vaguer forms in those areas that are farthest from the viewer. By dissimilarity objects in the foreground are painted in sharply outlined, brilliant, and warm colours, and groundwork objects are shown in muted, cooler colours.
Aesthetics
Philosophy applied to fine art, which attempts to formulate criteria for the understanding of the aesthetic (rather than utilitarian) qualities of art.
African Art
Guide to classical African sculpture, religious and tribal artworks and more than.
Airbrush
Instrument for spraying pigment, propelled by compressed air. Invented in 1893, it has been much used past commercial artists, whether for fine lines, large areas, or subtle gradations of color and tone.
Alabaster
In Artifact, a carbonate of lime used in Egyptian sculpture, particularly for small portable pieces. Likewise: modern alabaster, a lime sulfate which tin can be highly polished just is hands scratched, pop in 14th-century Europe for tomb effigies.
Alla prima
Technique, unremarkably used in painting since the 19th century, whereby an creative person completes a painting in 1 session without having provided layers of underpainting.
Apologue
An apologue is the description of a subject in the guise of another subject. An allegorical painting might include figures emblematic of unlike emotional states of listen, for example green-eyed or honey, or personifying other abstract concepts, for example sight, glory, or dazzler. These are called allegorical figures. The interpretation of an allegory therefore depends first on the identification of such figures, merely even and then the meaning can remain elusive.
All-over infinite
Jackson Pollock was the first artist to use all-over infinite in his "drip" paintings. It refers to paintings where there is no focal point but where everything on the canvas has the aforementioned degree of importance.
Altarpiece
In Christian church building architecture, the motion picture or decorated screen behind the chantry. Information technology may consist of a single painting or an elaborate group of hinged panels.
Ancient Art
Umbrella term encompassing early on forms of creative expression from ancient Mediterranean civilizations, like Sumerian, Egyptian, Minoan, Mycenean, Persian.
Animalier (Animal Artist)
Term was originally used to describe the 19th-century schoolhouse of French bronze sculptors who specialized in small animal figures. It has since been extended to embrace animal painters, such as Sir Edwin Landseer (1802-73), best-known for his portraits of dogs.
Animal style
Type of nomad fine art originating with the Celts in the 7th century BCE in southern Russian federation and the Caucasus; it was characterized by the predominance of fauna motifs (zoomorphs), often distorted, ornamenting all kinds of portable objects including metalwork, textiles, wood and bone.
Animation Art
The creation of a motion picture from a series of withal drawings.
Artifact
Greek and Roman civilisation until the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. Greek and Roman sculpture was admired during the Renaissance as an platonic art, and study of The Antique formed the ground of the curriculum in nearly art academics.
Applied art
The designing and decorating of functional objects or materials to give them aesthetic appeal, e.grand. printing type, ceramics, glass, article of furniture, metallic piece of work and textiles. The term is oft used to differentiate this type of work from the fine arts (painting, drawing, sculpture) whose value is primarily artful.
Applique
Textile decoration in which cutting textile shapes are stitched to a fabric ground equally a design.
Aquatint etching
Process whereby acid is allowed to seize with teeth into a copper plate prepared with resin which is and so inked and printed.
Arabesque
Motif based on interlaced plant forms, found in the fine and decorative arts, in architecture, and especially typical of Islamic design.
Archaic Greek art
Greek art of the mid twelfth century BCE to c.480 BCE; one of 4 convenient divisions of Greek art, the others being Geometric, Classical and Hellenistic.
Architecture
Science or fine art of edifice. Also: the construction or style of what is congenital. Run across Architecture: History/Styles.
Armature
Framework or skeleton on which a sculptor molds his clay.
Armory Show
International exhibition of mod art held in New York in 1913 in the 69th Regiment Arsenal building. Exhibits included the work of the more Avant-Garde US artists and of the School of Paris. The exhibition was enormously pop and marked the birth of a real involvement in modernistic art in 20th-century America.
Art
A form of creative expression. For caption, encounter: Definition and Pregnant of Fine art. For forms and categories, run across: Types of Art.
Fine art Brut
A term used to describe drawings, paintings and any other course of fine art done by untrained or amatuer artists. Could exist applied to drawings done by children, people who are mentally ill or anyone who is does non describe themselves as an "artist" or who are not painting commercially.
Art Critics
Commentators and analysts of the visual arts.
Art Evaluation
How to judge the aesthetics, craftsmanship and artistic technique of a painting.
Fine art Schools
The term usually refers to 3rd colleges offer Available of Fine Arts Degrees (BFA), Bachelor of Design Degrees (BDes), besides as BAs in practical fine art subjects.
Artifact (or artefact)
Whatever object of human workmanship. Besides: (archeology) an object of prehistoric or aboriginal fine art, equally distinguished from a similar merely naturally occurring object.
Arts and crafts Move
Mid-19th-century creative move in England, inspired by John Ruskin and William Morris; it attempted to raise the standards of design and craftsmanship in the practical arts, and to reassert the craftsman'due south individuality in the confront of increasing mechanization.
Asian Art
Architectures, arts and crafts from China, Japan, Korea, SE Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
Assemblage Art
Mod form consisting of objects collected and assembled together; the components are pre-formed, non made by the artist, and not intended originally as "art cloth".
Automatism in Art
Drawing and painting method associated with Surrealism in which the artist does not consciously create simply doodles, allowing the subconscious mind and most uncontrolled movement of the hand to produce an image.
Avant-garde
Artists whose work is ahead of that of nigh of their contemporaries; unconventional, experimental, innovative. Also descriptive of the work produced past such artists.
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B
Bacchanal
Mythological scene popular in paintings of the Renaissance and 17th century depicting the revels of Bacchus, Roman god of wine.
Background
Scene in painting which provides setting for chief figures or blueprint; sometimes used synonymously with footing.
Bamboccianti
Group of painters who specialized in bambocciate (Fr. bambochades): low-life and peasant scenes, pop in the Netherlands and Italian republic in the 17th century. The proper name derives from Pieter van Laer (1592-1642), a Dutch painter nicknamed "Il Bamboccio" ("Big Baby").
Banketjea or feast piece
Banketjea is a Dutch word which means "little banquet". A Banketjea is the name given to a all the same life painting which features a range of luxury foods and expensive serving pieces.
Baroque classicism
classical style - exemplified in the paintings of Nicolas Poussin and the compages of Carlo Fontana which flourished during the Baroque period.
Bas-relief
Form of sculpting characterized by only a slight projection from the surrounding surface.
Batik
An artform which employs wax resistant designs on dyed material fabrics.
Bauhaus
A highly influential school (1919-33) of avant-garde pattern, founded by Walter Gropius (1883-1969) in Weimar. Synonymous with modernist compages and arts & crafts.
Bayeux Tapestry
Anglo-Saxon embroidery depicting the Norman Conquest in 1066.
Biennale (Europe), Biennial (America)
Arts events held every two years: see: Best Contemporary Fine art Festivals.
Biscuit
Unglazed white porcelain, popular in Europe from the mid 17th century.
Blackness-figure technique
Manner of decoration of ancient Greek ceramics, chiefly of sixth-century BCE Corinth. Designs were painted on the object in black metal oxide paint and so incised through to the reddish dirt.
Blocking in
Earlier starting a painting, an creative person may 'block-in' the limerick of the painting using crude outlines or geometric shapes to show him how everything fits on the canvas. Almost all portrait painters apply this 'blocking in' method.
Body Art
A blazon of contemporary art in which the artist's body is the "canvass".
Torso colour
Watercolour fabricated opaque past mixing with white. Besides: term used in painting to describe solid, definitive areas of colour which are then completed or modified with scumbles and glazes.
Body Painting
Ancient art of decorating the body.
Bronze
Alloy of copper and tin, used for cast sculpture. Bronze sculpture is made from this alloy. Hence bronzist, a maker of bronze sculpture, plaques, etc.
Brush
Implement for applying paint, ordinarily of sus scrofa or sable pilus set in a wooden handle.
Castor stroke
The individual marking made by each awarding of paint with a BRUSH, usually retaining the mark of the separate brush hairs.
Brushwork
General term for manner or style in which paint is applied, and often considered by art historians as an identifying characteristic of a particular artist's piece of work.
Buon fresco, see: fresco.
Burin
Metallic tool used for engraving.
Bust
Portrait sculpture showing the sitter's head and shoulders but. See Portrait Busts.
Byzantine Art
Of the eastern Roman Empire centred on Constantinople, formerly Byzantium, from the quaternary century AD. At various times it embraced both Classical Greek realism and stylized, hieratic, Oriental art.
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C Cabinet picture
modest or medium-sized painting executed at an easel, and designed for collectors, especially popular from the 17th century; see Easel Moving picture.
Calligraphy
The Oriental fine art of cartoon/writing.
Camera obscura (photographic camera ottica)
device that uses a lens to projection a reduced image of an object on to a apartment surface so that the outline may exist traced. Popular with artists from the Renaissance to the 18th century.
Canvass
The fabric back up used for an oil or acrylic painting, usually made of linen or cotton, stretched tightly and tacked onto a wooden frame. Linen is regarded every bit superior to heavy cotton in a canvas.
Caravaggism
Tendency to follow the style of Caravaggio (1571-1610), exhibited by the Caravaggisti (17th-century painters working in Rome), who made particularly dramatic employ of chiaroscuro.
Caricature
Painting or drawing, usually a portrait, that exaggerates features for humorous or satirical effect.
Carolingian art
European art of the catamenia covered by the reign of Charlemagne (CE 768-814) and his successors until CE 900; usually regarded as the foundation of medieval art.
Carpet page
In manuscript illumination, a folio totally filled with decorative design.
Cartoon
Full-sized cartoon for transferring design to painting, mural, or tapestry. Besides: comic cartoon; caricature.
Casting
The duplication of a model in metallic or plaster by ways of a mold; the model thus formed is a bandage.
Catholic Fine art
Usually refers to the style of Catholic Counter-Reformation Art (c.1560-1700) which followed the Protestant Reformation.
Celadon
Chinese porcelain or stoneware with a distinctive gray-green glaze.
Celtic Fine art
Hallstatt and La Tene styles of metalwork, and abstract designs characterized past knots, spirals and interlace patterns.
Ceramics
The general term used since the 19th century for pottery and porcelain, i.e. fired clay.
Chalk
The common name for calcium carbonate, which is institute as a natural deposit all over the earth, and is composed of the remains of tiny crustaceans. Traditionally used in painting and cartoon.
Champleve enamel
Decorated metallic, usually copper, especially pop in Europe from the 11th century to the 14th; a hollowed-out blueprint in the metal was filled with coloured glass pastes and the whole object fired, thus fusing glass to metal. (Compare Cloisonne enamel.)
Charcoal
Form of carbon used for drawing.
Chiaroscuro
The contrasting employ of lite and shadow. artists who are famed for the use of chiaroscuro include Leonardo da Vinci, Caravaggio and Rembrandt. Leonardo used chiaroscuro to enhance the three-dimensionality of his figures, Caravaggio used it for drama, and Rembrandt for both reasons.
Chinese Art
One of the most ancient creative traditions, noted for its calligraphic, ink-and-wash, ceramic and statuary artworks. See: Chinese Pottery.
Chinoiserie
Term for a European style of fine art applied to article of furniture, ceramics, interior design, based on imaginary pseudo-Chinese motifs.
Chip carving
Early primitive carved ornamentation of Northern European oak furniture, executed with a chisel and gouge, until about the 16th century.
Chi-Rho
A monogram (the Sacred Monogram) formed by the first two letters - X and P (chi and rho) - of the Greek give-and-take for Christ. In religious fine art it may refer to the Resurrection of Christ.
Christian Fine art
Church compages, painting, sculpture or decorative fine art associated with a Christian message.
Cinquecento
Italian for the 16th century. Traditionally refers to Italian fine art (1500-1600).
Cire perdue (Fr."lost wax")
Casting process used in statuary sculpture.
Cityscape
Painting or cartoon of city scenery.
Classicism
The quality of classic or classical art. The term is applied in item to the type of art that was the antithesis of Romanticism during the 18th and 19th centuries, when it was held to correspond the virtues of restraint and harmony, in contrast to dramatic individual expression.
Cloisonne enamel
Decorated metal in which a design of metal strips is applied and the compartments (cloisons) formed are filled with coloured glass pastes. (Compare Champleve enamel.)
Collage Art ("pasting")
Technique originating with Cubism in which paper, photographs, and other everyday materials were pasted on to a support, and sometimes likewise painted.
Colonial Art of America
17th/18th century portraiture, miniatures, architecture, furniture-making and crafts in America. For a comparing, meet: Australian Colonial Painting (c.1780-1880).
Colorito
Renaissance term for colouring - mastery of colour in painting.
Colourism
Term practical to various periods of painting, e.g. 16th-century Venetian, in which colour was emphasized, rather than drawing. "colourist" is an artist who specializes in, or is famed for, his/her use of colour.
Colour
For a general guide, see: Colour in Painting.
Color wheel
A diagrammatic chart showing the placement of colors in relationship to each other. For more than details, see: Colour Theory in Painting.
Composition, of a painting
Composition describes the complete work of art, and in particular the fashion that all its elements unite in an overall effect. Compositional elements in a painting might include: size of sheet, subject thing, focal points of the picture (if any), color scheme, tonal warmth and contrasts, draughtsmanship, representation and meaning, amongst others.
Reckoner Art
Visual images either computer-generated or figurer-controlled using software or hardware tools. Besides referred to as Digital fine art.
Conceptualism/Conceptual Fine art
Grade in which the concepts and ideas are more important than tangible, concrete works of art.
Concrete Art
Term coined in 1930 when Theo van Doesburg became editor of the magazine art Concret; it is sometimes used as a synonym for abstract fine art, though the accent is not just on geometric or abstract form, but on structure and organization in both design and execution.
Conte crayon
Proprietary manufactured chalk.
Contemporary art
A rather loose term, used by museums to describe post-war art, and by fine art critics to refer to art since 1970.
Content, of a painting
This traditionally refers to the bulletin contained and communicated by the work of art, embracing its emotional, intellectual, symbolic, and narrative content.
Contrapposto ("opposite", "anti-thesis", "placed against")
word used in sculpture, referring to the posing of human course and then that head and shoulders are twisted in a unlike direction from hips and legs.
Crafts
A category embracing about decorative arts.
Curvilinear
Design or patternwork (eg. Etruscan/Celtic interlace) based on pattern of curved lines; sinuous.
Cycladic fine art
blazon of Aegean art from the Cyclades - a group of Greek islands - c.2800 BCE to 1100 BCE.
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D Dark Ages
period of the Middle Ages from c.5th century CE to 10th century, considered a stage in which philosophy and the arts were ignored or actively hindered.
Decalcomania (decalcomanie)
American term for lithography.
Decorative art
Collective name for art forms similar ceramics, tapestries, enamelling, stained glass, metalwork, newspaper art, textiles, and others, which are accounted to be ornamental or decorative, rather than intellectual or spiritual. Run across likewise: French Decorative Arts (c.1640-1792).
Decoupage
Victorian craft which involves the cutting out of motifs from paper, gluing them to a surface and layering with varnish to give a completely smooth finish.
Degenerate art ("Entartete Kunst")
Nazi propaganda term used from c.1937 for works of modernistic art disapproved of past the party.
Pattern (artistic)
The program involved in making something according to a set of aesthetics.
Diptych
Pair of painted or sculptured panels hinged or joined together; especially popular for devotional pictures in the Middle Ages; see altarpiece.
Direct carving
Method of rock sculpture where class is carved immediately out of the block, and not transferred from a model.
Disegno
Literally, "drawing" or "design", just which during the Renaissance acquired a broader meaning of overall concept.
Dome
Architectural feature found on acme of building like the Pantheon in Rome, the Cathedral in Florence (Brunelleschi), Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome (Michelangelo and others), St Paul'southward Cathedral in London (Christopher Wren) and the Pantheon in Paris, designed by Jacques-Germain Soufflot (1713-80).
Drawing
Refers to the monochrome use of pencil, charcoal, pen, ink, or similar mediums on newspaper, card or other support, producing linework or a linear quality rather than mass. When used of a painting, information technology refers more specifically to the artist's method of representing grade by these means, rather than past the use of colour and paint.
Drypoint
Copper engraving technique.
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E
Earthenware
pottery made from red or white dirt, fired in a kiln at less than 1200 degrees Cent.
Easel
An upright support (typically a tripod) employed for holding an artist's canvas while information technology is existence painted.
Easel painting (or picture show)
small or medium-sized painting executed at an easel. These were commonly intended for collectors and conoisseurs, although the term may also exist used by and large for whatsoever portable painting, equally opposed to mural painting.
Ecce homo (Latin, "Behold the human")
the pictorial representation of Christ'south presentation to the people past Pontius Pilate earlier the Crucifixion.
Emboss
to mould, postage stamp, or carve a surface to produce a design in relief.
Enamelling
the process of fusing a vitreous substance (usually atomic number 82/potash glass) to metal at high temperature (about 800 degrees Cent) - equally used in decorative metalwork and goldsmithing; see Cloisonne and Champleve.
Encaustic Painting
ancient technique of painting with wax and pigments fused by rut.
Engraving
the technique of incising lines on wood, metal etc. Too: the impression made from the engraved block.
Etching
process in which the design is drawn on a metal plate through a wax ground; the design is cut into the plate with acrid, and printed. Also: a print produced past this method.
Ethnographic art
art inspired by a item racial culture, especially of the primitive type.
Extender
inert pigment used to majority a pigment or to lower the tinctorial forcefulness of another pigment.
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F
Fabergé Easter Eggs
Objects of precious jewellery made by Russian firm of fin de siecle goldsmiths and jewellers.
Faience
blazon of can-glazed earthenware, often used for architectural purposes. Also: archeological term for a type of ancient pottery in Egypt, comprising wares of glazed powdered quartz.
Figurative art
synonym for representational art.
Figure drawing (and figure painting)
Cartoon or painting in which the human figure predominates, usually total length.
Figurine
pocket-size model or sculpture of the human effigy, like prehistoric Venus Figurines, such as Venus of Willendorf.
Fine art
art whose value is considered to be aesthetic rather than functional, i.eastward. architecture, sculpture, painting and cartoon, and the graphic arts. Compare applied fine art and decorative fine art.
Flower painting
still-life painting of flowers, associated chiefly with Oriental art and the Dutch painters of the 17th century.
Folk art
Traditional art of peasant societies, which includes utilitarian, decorative and practical arts and crafts.
Foreground
Refers to the expanse of the picture space closest to the viewer, immediately behind the picture plane. The next distant area is the middleground; the most distant is the background.
Foreshortening
the use of the laws of perspective in art to make an individual form announced three dimensional.
Form
Describes the elements in a work of art which are independent of the emotional or interpretative significance of the work: for example, the medium, scale, shape, colour, dimensions, line, mass, texture, and their mutual relationships.
Formalism
the tendency to adhere to conventional forms at the expense of the subject field matter.
Found Objects
items that are found, not fabricated by the artist, and then defined and displayed as a work of art - as well known every bit an "objets trouves" - and associated with Surrealism and Dada.
Fresco Painting
Landscape painting on fresh plaster; sometimes called buon fresco ("truthful fresco") to distinguish it from painting "a secco", on stale plaster.
Fresco Secco
misleading term synonymous with painting "a secco".
Frottage (Fr. "rubbing") the technique of placing paper over textured objects or surfaces and rubbing with a wax crayon or graphite, to produce an image. Invented by Max Ernst.
Functionalism
the artistic theory that form should be determined past function, specially in architecture and the decorative arts, and that this will automatically produce objects that are aesthetically pleasing.
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Genre-Painting
Type of movie featuring an everyday scene containing human subjects.
Geometric Style
Greek style of decoration, flourishing from c.900 to c.725 BCE, based on linear and angular shapes.
Georgian art
refers to the styles prevalent through the reigns of the four King Georges in Britain from 1714 to 1830. Usually refers to architecture, furniture, silver and the like, rather than painting.
Gesso
more often than not used for any mixture of an inert white paint with glue, used every bit a basis for painting; strictly, a mixture in which the inert pigment is calcium sulfate. Gesso grosso is coarse gesso made from sifted plaster of Paris, used for the preliminary ground layer in medieval Italian panel paintings. Gesso sottile is fine crystalline gypsum, made past slaking plaster of Paris in excess water. Gesso can also be built upwards or molded into relief designs, or carved.
Gestural painting
a term that originally came into use to draw the painting of the abstract Expressionist artists Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Hans Hofmann and others. What they had in common was the application of pigment in free sweeping gestures with the brush.
Giclee Prints
Fine art printing process using inkjet printers.
Giornata
the expanse of work in landscape or mosaic that could be finished in i 24-hour interval. In fresco painting, it refers to the area of intonaco applied each twenty-four hours. In true fresco, the joins of the giornate are normally visible.
Glass Painting
technique of decorating glass, not very clearly distinguished from glass enameling, although it may exist more transparent and smoother. Early glass painting was non fired, and therefore not permanent.
Glaze
transparent layer of paint practical over another; light passes through and is reflected back, modifying or intensifying the underlayer. Also: vitreous layer fabricated from silica, practical to pottery equally decoration or to make it water-tight.
Goldsmithing (Goldsmithery)
The applied fine art or arts and crafts of metalworking in gold and silver.
Gouache
opaque watercolour paint. Also: a work executed in gouache medium.
Graffiti Art
a contemporary artform which first appeared in Philadelphia and New York during the late 1960s/early1970s.
K Tour
A cultural trip effectually Europe, taking in the painting, sculpture and architecture of Paris, Florence, Venice, Rome, Naples, Vienna and other of import centres of classical, Renaissance and Bizarre art.
Graphic pattern
Derived from the German language discussion graphik. Describes the applied art of formulating/arranging prototype/text to communicate a message. It can be practical in any media, such as print, digital media, blitheness, packaging, and signs. See also: Graphic Fine art.
Grattage ("scraping")
Technique used by 20th-century artists, like Max Ernst (1891-1976), in which an upper layer of pigment is partially scraped away to reveal the contrasting under-layer.
Greek Art
The foundation of Western painting and sculpture in general and Renaissance art in particular.
Greek Sculpture
Sculptors from ancient Greece pioneered the development of statues and reliefs.
Greek vases
range of pots of dissimilar sizes, used for unlike purposes, most of which were often decorated if non painted. The two main styles were black-effigy and red-effigy techniques.
Grisaille
technique of monochrome painting in shades of gray, used every bit underpainting or to imitate the effect of relief.
Footing
layer of preparation on a back up to receive paint. As well: in carving, the acid-resistant material spread over the metal plate before the blueprint is etched. Also: in pottery, the clay forming the body of a vessel on which a design is executed.
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H
Hallstatt
The get-go identifiable continental civilization and art-style of the Celts (c.600-450 BCE). Followed by La Tene Celtic culture.
Hand Stencils
Prehistoric negative images of hands (made by spray-painting through a tube): c.f. positive handprints.
Happenings
Type of Performance fine art. Spontaneous artistic effect or display.
Hatching
drawing technique that uses closely spaced parallel lines to indicate toned areas. When crossed by other lines in the opposite direction it is known as cross-hatching.
Haut-relief (Alto-rilievo, high relief)
Form of sculptural relief characterized past a prominent project from the surrounding surface.
Hellenic
Greek culture of the 11th century BCE to 323 BCE.
Hellenistic
Greek culture later Alexander the Great (from 323 BCE) to the tardily 1st century BCE.
Hierarchy of the Genres
The ranking system promulgated by the fine arts academies which comprised v painting-genres. (1) History painting ("istoria", narrative compositions); (2) Portraiture (individual, grouping of self-portraits); (3) Genre-Painting (everyday scenes featuring human subjects); (4) Landscape Painting (scenic view is paramount: human content, but illustrative); (5) All the same Life (arrangements of domestic objects).
Hellenistic Fine art
describes Greek art from the decease of Alexander the Dandy (323 BCE) to Rome'due south defeat of Hellenic republic (c.27 BCE).
Hieratic
style in which certain fixed types, frequently sacred, are repeated, e.one thousand. in Egyptian or Byzantine art. Information technology may also be applied to any art that uses severe, rigid figures rather than naturalistic ones.
Hieroglyphs
pictorial form of writing, every bit used past the Egyptians.
High art
art that strives to attain the highest aesthetic and moral qualities in both content and expression.
Historiated
architecture or sculpture decorated with narrative subjects. A historiated initial is an initial in an illuminated manuscript containing a narrative scene.
History of Art
Guide to the origins, evolution and development of the fine and visual arts.
History of Fine art Timeline
Chronological list of dates about the evolution of painting, sculpture and pottery.
History Painting
painting whose subject is some significant historical event, preferably Classical, mythological, actual or literary. From the 16th century to the 19th, history painting was more highly esteemed than other forms of painting, especially by the academies.
Holocaust Art
Includes Nazi propaganda works, images created by victims and postwar concentration camp memorials of the Shoah.
How to Appreciate Paintings
Explains how to analyse painterly skills and narrative content.
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I
Ice Sculpture
a gimmicky form of plastic art which uses blocks of ice as cloth.
Icons (Icon Painting) (Greek, "image", "portrait")
in Byzantine, Greek and Russian Orthodox church art, the representation of Christ or the Virgin, or saints, in mosaic or painting; tending to exist stereotyped or hieratic; hence iconic.
Iconography
recognizable emblematic motifs and symbols in works of art.
Ideal art
Painting of various periods that is based on the artist's conception rather than visual perception, eastward.g. the art of the Loftier Renaissance, or of 17th-century classicism.
Illumination
The decoration of manuscript texts which may have started from the uncomplicated addition of minium to the script, the general part being written in blackness. From this grew quite boggling elaboration, fantastic interwoven strap patterns, decorative motifes, zoomorphic imagery, institute forms. miniature portraits of religious figures. Information technology was one of the most important arts of the Eye Ages. Wherever there were monasteries the fine art seems to have been practised. The monastic scribe worked almost six hours a day. Afterward he had finished the work was proof-read. Then the sheets went to a rubricator who put in titles and headlines, and then to the illuminator. The last worked miracles of miniature presentation with the materials at his command. The oldest known illumination is an Egyptian papyrus, the 'Volume of the Dead'. The Greeks and Romans produced some work, simply very fiddling survives. The Byzantine manuscripts contain some perfect examples. Fourteenth-century Farsi editions of the Koran, exquisite delicate designs. Among the famed European manuscripts are the 'Book of Hours' of the Duc de Berry produced by the Limbourg brothers (1410-13), and 'The Book of Kells', 8th century, at present in Trinity College Library, Dublin. The manuscripts were worked on vellum, using not simply colours, just likewise gold-leaf and other metals, tiny fragments of precious and semi-precious stones and raising paste.
Illuminated Manuscripts
Handwritten volume on vellum or parchment, usually medieval, decorated with miniature painting, borders, and decorative capital messages; hence illumination. Exemplars: Book of Kells, Lindisfarne Gospels, Book of Durrow.
Illusionism
The use of optical and perspectival principles to create the illusion of painted objects beingness three dimensional; hence illusionist, illusionistic.
Illustration
A method of enhancing written text past providing an illustration (pictorial explanation) of the written words.
Impasto
Thick mass of paint or pastel; hence impasted, or impastoed.
India Ink
In fine art, a drawing ink made from a black pigment consisting of lampblack and gum.
Ink and Wash Painting
Japanese and Chinese painting technique, using ink in the same way equally watercolour.
Installation Fine art
This typically employs mixed media (eg. sculpture and video), which typically fills an entire space, such as a room or gallery. Information technology is normally site-specific.
Intaglio
ornament produced by cut into a surface, used in engraving, etching, precious stone carving.
Intarsia
the decoration of wood with inlay work, specially in 15th-century Italia.
Interiors
a style of genre-painting perfected by Dutch Realists of the after 17th century; later taken upward past Danish artists like Peter Vilhelm Ilsted (1861-33) and Vilhelm Hammershoi (1864-1916).
International Gothic
since the 19th century, used to depict the style of fine art prevalent from c.1375 to 1425, balanced midway betwixt naturalistic and idealistic values and characterized by delicate and rich colouring.
Intonaco
the smoothen layer of lime plaster that receives the paint in fresco painting.
Irish School
For details, see: Irish Painting and Irish Sculpture.
Islamic Fine art
Includes architecture, pottery, faience mosaics, lustre-ware, relief sculpture, drawing, painting, calligraphy, manuscript illumination, material design, metalwork, gemstone carving, and other crafts.
Italianate fashion
in an Italian manner. Also: in compages, the adaptation of Italian Renaissance palace styles, especially and so in America c.1840-65.
Italian Primitives
artists and their works in Italian republic prior to 1400.
Ivory Carving
Form of sculpture made using beast tusks and teeth, notably from elephants, whales and walruses.
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Jade Carving K Kaolin L Lacquerware
sculpture of extremely hard stone, which may be blue, green, white, or dark-brown; highly prized in Chinese fine art.
Japanese Fine art
Yamato-due east, and Ukiyo-eastward painting, Buddhist Temple art and Zen ink-painting.
Japonism
the craze for Japonaiserie - Japanese imports due east.g. prints and piece of furniture, brought to Europe in the mid 19th century - and its consequence on European painting and decorative art.
Jasper Ware
type of stoneware pottery introduced by Josiah Wedgewood in 1774. Originally pure white but sometimes stained with cobalt oxide to produce "Wedgewood blue".
Jewellery Art
decorative art typically crafted from precious metal (gilded, argent, platinum etc.) and gemstones similar diamonds, sapphires, rubies, pearls and the like.
Junk Art
A sub-species of "found fine art", typically sculpture or aggregation, sometimes likewise called "funk art" or "trash art".
too known as Prc clay; used in the industry of hand-paste porcelain and sometimes in the GROUNDS of paintings. Chemically it is hydrated silicate of aluminium.
Primal pattern
geometrical pattern of repeated horizontal and vertical straight lines, found in aboriginal Greek and Celtic fine art.
Kinetic art
most commonly sculptures (eg. mobiles, stabiles) designed to move and thus produce optical effects; first fabricated in the 1920s, but most popular from 1950 onwards.
Kitsch
mass-produced vulgar craftwork articles of the kind manufactured for souvenirs; the word has now become a pejorative term for whatever is idea to be in flamboyant bad taste.
Kouros
Archaic Greek statue of standing youth (pl. kouroi).
Krater
aboriginal Greek storage vessel; different shapes were used for water and wine.
Kufic script
angular, square type of Arabic script (the more than flowing script is NASHKI); sometimes constitute in decorative Romanesque and Gothic art.
Objects (woods, bamboo, metal and other materials) coated in resinous decorative finish. Speciality of Chinese art.
State Fine art (earthworks, environmental art)
A form of contemporary art dating from the 1960s and 70s created in the mural, either by using natural forms, or by enhancing natural forms with homo-made materials. Famous pioneer environmental artists include Robert Smithson, and Christo and Jeanne-Claude.
Landscape painting
Composition in which the scenery is the chief subject. Also: scenic areas of a painting or drawing.
Lapis Lazuli
deep-blue semiprecious stone, used for jewellery, and from which the pigment ultramarine is extracted.
La Tene Style
way of decorative art that appeared c.fifth century BCE in Europe and was fully adult in Celtic art of the pre-Roman menses; the name is derived from a site in Switzerland where metallic objects and weapons in this way have been found.
Life drawing
drawing from a live human model.
Linear
artistic style that emphasizes lines and contours; hence linearity and linearism.
Linear perspective
method of indicating spatial recession in a picture past placing objects in a series of receding planes; parallel lines receding from the onlooker's view-point will appear to see at a vanishing bespeak. Pioneers included Renaissance painters Masaccio and Andrea Mantegna.
Line engraving
the fine art or process of hand-engraving in Intaglio and copper plate, using a Burin. Also: a print taken from such a plate.
Lino cutting
print produced by carving a design into a block of linoleum.
Lithography
printing method in which a design is fatigued on stone with a greasy crayon so inked.
Lost Wax Method, see: Cire Perdue.
Luminism
Mode of light-related 19th century American landscape painting.
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Maniera
according to the writings of Georgio Vasari (1511-74), the "stylishness" associated with the art of 16th-century Italian republic, epitomized in the work of Raphael and Michelangelo. Known equally Mannerism.
Maquette
model fabricated on a small calibration by a sculptor or a stage-designer as a preliminary three-dimensional "sketch'" for the final work.
Marble Sculpture
Made from limestone. It occurs in various colours, from pure white to black, often veined.
Marine art
painting or drawing of a sea subject.
Masterpiece
originally a test slice of work done past the medieval apprentice in order to authorize equally a Chief of his Guild. The term is now used more freely to mean a piece of work of outstanding importance or quality.
Medieval art
church architecture, illuminated manuscripts, stone sculpture, murals, metalwork and goldsmithery from the period of the Centre Ages (c.450-1450).
Medium
the means or material with which an artist expresses himself. In painting, the medium is the liquid in which paint is mixed and thinned, e.g. linseed oil.
Metalwork
Decorative precious metals art developed in Sumer, Arab republic of egypt and Crete, before being refined by Celtic, Byzantine and Romanesque artists in Kingdom of belgium.
Mezzotint
method of copper engraving, Also: a print produced by this method.
Mimesis
is a term which describes the artistic faux of nature, rather than its interpretation: in society words, the showing of things as opposed to the telling of things (diegesis).
Miniature Painting
very minor slice of piece of work, such equally a Medieval Manuscript Illumination. During the Renaissance and the 18th and 19th centuries, the term was more specifically practical to small portraits painted on ivory.
Minimalist art
modern art that rejects texture, subject, temper, etc and reduces forms and colours to the simplest.
Mixed Media
the combination of different materials in the same piece of work, sometimes including functioning.
Mobile
Kinetic sculpture probably originated past Alexander Calder in 1932; the sculpture is hung from wires so that it is moved by air currents.
Mobiliary Art
Prehistoric portable artworks.
Modeling
iii-dimensional representation of objects.
Modernism
the theory of modernist art that rejects past styles, and promotes gimmicky fine art every bit the truthful reflection of the age, hence modernist.
Modern Art
Traditionally starts with Impressionism, from near 1874 onwards, until the early postal service-world war II period. Late Popular-fine art and then ushers in gimmicky or mail service-modern art.
Monotype
press process that takes an impression from a metal or glass plate, producing only one print of each design, which must then be redrawn.
Monumental
continued with, or serving as, a monument. Besides: used figuratively of paintings and other fine art forms to mean imposing or massive.
Mosaic Art
designs formed from small-scale pieces of stone, glass, marble, etc.
Motif
a repeated distinctive characteristic in a design.
Mughal art
art and architecture of the courts of the Muslim rulers in India, 1526-1707, as exemplified past Mughal painting and by the Taj Mahal in Agra, Uttar Pradesh.
Landscape Painting
pictures painted on walls or ceilings, traditionally in fresco.
Mythological painting
Pictures of subjects chosen from Greek and Roman Classical mythology, popular from the 15th century to the 19th. Also chosen History Painting.
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A form of trunk painting.
Naive
The work, style, or fine art of untaught artists, commonly crudely naturalistic.
Nashki
The flowing form of Arabic calligrahic script (compare Kufic).
Naturalism
Authentic, detailed representation of objects or scenes as they announced, whether attractive or otherwise. (compare Realism).
Nazi Art
Generally architecture, film, photography, sculpture and affiche fine art serving Nazi' propagandist needs.
Non-objective fine art
A 20th century term applied to visual art which is non based on existing, appreciable forms, merely rather on abstruse or idealized forms, such as geometric, mathematical, imaginary, etc. An early pioneer of not-abstraction is Piet Mondrian.
Non-representational fine art
Besides chosen non-objective, this manner consisted of works which had no reference to anything outside themselves. In practice, it was mainly geometrically abstract.
Nude genre
For a brief survey of nudity in painting and sculpture, see: Female Nudes in Art History (Top 20). See also Male person Nudes in Art History (Top ten).
O
Objet trouve, meet: Found Object.
Oceanic fine art
From the Due south Pacific, including Australasia.
Oeuvre
the total output of an artist. Also: a work of art.
Offset litho
lithographic technique in which ink is transferred from a plate to a rubber roller, and and then onto the paper.
Oil painting
A medium where pigments are mixed with drying oils, such as linseed, walnut, or poppyseed, which plant keen favour due to its brilliance of detail, its rich colour, and its wider tonal range. Popularized during the 15th century in Northern Europe (whose climate did not favour fresco works), foremost pioneers of oil paint techniques included (in Kingdom of the netherlands) Hubert and Jan Van Eyck, and (in Italy) Leonardo Da Vinci.
Oils
In that location are various types of oil which are used as binders and drying agents (oil plus pigment dries by a process of oxidation by absorbing oxygen from the air) past oil painters. Linseed oil, made from flax seeds, adds gloss and transparency to paints and dries very thoroughly (within iii-five days), making it ideal for underpainting. Stand up oil is a thicker type of linseed oil, with a slower drying time (seven-fourteen days), which is frequently diluted with (eg) turpentine, and used for glazing to produce a smooth, enamel-like finish with minimal traces of brushmarks. Poppyseed oil, much paler, more transparent and less likely to yellow than linseed, is often employed for white or lighter colours. Poppyseed oil takes longer to dry out than linseed oil (five-7 days), then it is perfect for working wet on moisture. Walnut oil is a sparse, pale yellow-brown oil (dries in 4-5 days) which is commonly used to brand oil paint more fluid.
Orders of Architecture
the five Archetype orders, each composed of a column, having a base, shaft, capital, and entablature with architrave frieze, and cornice. There are three orders of Greek architecture: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. These were adapted by the Romans, who added Tuscan and Composite.
Origami paper folding
Reputedly invented in Japan effectually 1600, the Chinese version known as "zhezhi" may be older.
Ottonian fine art
Murals, illuminated manuscripts and architectural sculpture of the period 919 to early 11th century, under the Ottonian emperors.
Outsider art
Refers to works past those outside of mainstream order. Outsider fine art broadly includes folk art and ethnic art as well equally by prisoners, the mentally ill and others neither trained in art nor making their works to sell them.
Overpainting
The concluding layer of pigment that is applied over the nether painting or nether layer after it has dried. The idea backside layers of painting is that the under painting is used to define the basic shapes and blueprint so that the overpainting can be used to fill in the details of the piece.
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Paintbrush
Bristles may derive from a variety of animals including boar, wolf, squirrel and badger as well as synthetic. Ruby-red sable hair is considered the finest. Different shapes are employed for different types of painting tasks: larger, more indistinct areas of painting such every bit the sky in landscapes were typically done with flat or circular-tipped hogs hair brushes, while specific detail was painted with fine pointed sable brushes. In addition, feathers were sometimes employed to polish out areas of paint to remove visible brushwork. Annoy Brushes were used to blend adjacent areas of different tones.
Painterly
a term coined by the art historian Heinrich Wolfflin to describe i of two contrasting styles in painting: linear, which emphasizes contours; painterly, which emphasizes color and tone; hence painterliness.
Painting
process of applying paint. As well: object produced past applying pigment to a flat back up, e.g. a wall or sail.
For history and famous painters, see Fine Art Painting.
Palette
slab of wood, metal or glass used by the artist for mixing pigment. Also: figuratively: the range of colours used by the artist. Run into: Colour Mixing Tips.
Palette knife
spatula-shaped knife for mixing or applying thick, bodied paint.
Console painting
refers to the use of wooden panels, equally back up: a practice which was widespread until the appearance of canvas during the 15th century. In Flanders, Holland, France and England, oak panels were almost popular; in Federal republic of germany and Austria oak, beech, lime, chestnut, and cherrywood was used; while in Italy poplar was also employed. Dry seasoned planks were primed with several coats of "size" - a gum derived from animal skins - and gesso, a combination of powdered calcium sulfate (gypsum) and beast glue. One reward of panels, was their extremely smooth surface, which fabricated them platonic for painting fine detail.
Panorama
painting of a view or landscape; especially big-scale painting around a room, or rolled on a cylinder.
Papier Colle ("pasted paper")
collage of newspaper/carte, first used in 1912 by Georges Braque.
Parietal Art
Prehistoric paintings, engravings or relief sculptures on cave walls and ceilings.
Pastel
Crayon made from pigment mixed with gum and water and pressed into a stick-shaped form, or work executed in this medium. Because pastel tends to be light and chalky in tone, the word is also used to draw pale, calorie-free colours.
Pastoral
idealized mural painting or country scene.
Pensieri
modest models made equally preliminaries to larger models, when making sculpture.
Performance Art
Contemporary form; run into also Happenings.
Perspective
A term which refers to the "depth" of a picture - that is, the illusion of three-dimensional space on the picture's two-dimensional surface - whereby forms in the background appear smaller than those in the foreground. The "single bespeak" or linear perspective organisation was pioneered by Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) in Florence in relation to his architecture. Mathematically constructed so that all receding parallel lines seem to converge towards each other, eventually meeting at a single point (the vanishing point), this method of perspective was employed by artists from the early 15th century onwards. Curiously, Dutch and Flemish painters of the early 15th century developed their ain contained method of perspective.
Petroglyphs
Primitive stone carvings and engravings.
Phalerae
metal dominate or disc, worn as an ornament or decorating a horse'due south harness. Commonly seen in Hallstatt and La Tene style Celtic art.
Photography
Now a fine arts medium.
Photomontage
picture combining juxtaposed photographic images.
Photorealism
a hyper-realistic fashion of painting in which an image is created in such detail that it resembles a photograph.
Pictographs (Prehistoric)
Also called pictograms, they are images typically on stone faces which limited an idea or information.
Picturesque
quaint, charming. From the 18th century onwards "The Picturesque" acquired a more specific significant, particularly in connectedness with mural painting, and architecture; information technology suggested a deliberate roughness or rusticity of design, and was to some extent transitional between Classicism and Romanticism.
Pieta
representation of the Virgin Mary holding the expressionless torso of Christ.
Pigment
the colour element in pigment. Pigments tin consist of a broad diversity of ingredients, including minerals, natural/bogus dyestuffs, and other constructed compounds. See: Colour Pigments: Types, History.
Plains Art
describes the native American Indian art practised by the Sioux, Commanche and Blackfeet tribes, on the Western Plains of the United States.
Plastic
used in fine art to describe anything that tin exist molded or modeled; the reverse of Glyptic.
Plastic art
iii-dimensional forms of art such as sculpture, pottery, and architecture.
Plein air painting
refers to the spontaneous outdoor method of painting from nature - ordinarily landscapes - as perfected by Claude Monet among others.
Pochade
sketch, peculiarly one made outdoors.
Polymorphic painting
multiform painting, produced past some modern kinetic artists. The advent of the work changes according to the position of the observer.
Pop Art
Sixties movement led by Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein. Meet: Andy Warhol's Pop Fine art.
Polyptych
painted work (usually an altarpiece) of more than three panels; see as well Diptych, Triptych.
Porcelain
hard, refined ceramic stoneware, invented by the Chinese in the 7th century. Come across Chinese Porcelain.
Portrait Art
Fatigued or painted epitome of a person, unremarkably naturalistic and identifiable; hence portraiture, portraitist. See also Bust.
Poster Art
Either advertising lithographic designs, propaganda posters or reproductions of famous paintings. For more than details, run into: History of Poster Art.
Potter's wheel
Horizontal revolving disk used to shape clay past the ceramicist.
Pottery
A form of ceramic fine art, in which wet clay is shaped, stale, glazed and fired in a kiln to create a variety of vessels, and ornaments. For history and styles of Antiquity, see: Greek Pottery.
Poussinist
adherent of the French late 17th-century theory of poussinism: the supremacy of line (draftsmanship) over colour.
Prehistoric fine art
Creative expression of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Historic period. For a chronological dateline, see: Prehistoric Art Timeline.
Master colours
red, blue, and xanthous; the colours that tin be mixed to produce other colours, merely cannot themselves be produced from mixtures.
Primitivism/Archaic art
Paintings and drawings by people outside the influence of traditional Western styles. Also: works by intuitive painters or sculptors with a "naive" style usually due to their lack of formal arts grooming.
Impress
whatever image, design, or lettering produced on cloth or paper by a diverseness of graphic processes. As well: (verb) to make an impression or paradigm past such a process. Usually means letter-printing; printmaking involves producing an image that is aesthetically pleasing, or illustrative.
Printmaking
A term which applies to fine art press processes, such equally etching, engraving, lithography, woodcut, and silkscreen, in which multiple images are replicated from the aforementioned metallic plate, stone, wood or linoleum block, or silkscreen, with monochrome or colour printing inks.
Proportion
in painting, sculpture and architecture, this describes the ratio between the corresponding parts and the whole work, as annunciated (for example) in the Catechism of Proportion, a mathematical formula establishing platonic proportions of the various parts of the human body.
Protestant Reformation Art
A less overt, more than humble, smaller-scale type of religious fine art, triggered by Luther'southward defection (1517) and exemplified by the work of Pieter Bruegel the Elderberry, Rembrandt and Jan Vermeer.
Provenance
A term meaning the origins of a work of art, specifically its history of ownership since its creation. Museum curators and fine fine art research experts at auctioneers like Christie'due south and Sotheby'southward study a piece of work'south provenance to plant its authenticity.
Public Fine art
A loose term which, in practise, means artworks financed out of the public purse. Can besides mean works (usually sculpture) sited in public places, such as the Chicago Picasso.
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Quadratura
Trompe l'oeil ceiling mural paintings that seem to extend the architectural features beyond the bodily space of the room.
Quattrocento (It.)
Italian for the 15th century. Traditionally refers to Italian fine art (1400-1500).
R
Raku
Japanese pottery used for the tea ceremony; molded, not thrown on a wheel.
Readymades
Name given by Dadaist Marcel Duchamp to prefabricated objects exhibited as works of art.
Realism
style of painting dating from the 19th century, typified by Courbet, that makes a deliberate choice of everyday subject matter (Realisme). Also: the opposite of abstract or distorted (similar to naturalism). Also: in Greek Classical sculpture. work that is non stylized or idealized.
Crimson-figure technique
The technique of the finest ancient Greek vase-painting in which figures were fatigued in black and the back-ground blocked in in black so that the figure stood out in the cherry.
Relief sculpture
carving, etc in which forms projection and depth is hollowed out; the blazon of relief is adamant by the caste to which the blueprint stands out; thus alto rilievo (high relief) and bas relief (low relief), in which the projection is slight.
Religious Fine art
Typically architecture, sculpture, painting or crafts or artifacts with a religious theme.
Renaissance ("rebirth")
The period of Renaissance art runs from c.1400 to 1600, divided into Early Renaissance (c.1400-90), High Renaissance (c.1490-1530), and Mannerism (c. 1530-1600); as a whole information technology was characterized by greater emphasis on realism, a mastery of linear perspective, Humanism (a belief in the primacy of man) and the rediscovery of Classical art. North of the Alps, the movement is known as the Northern Renaissance.
Repousse
Technique of metalwork art, where metal is decorated by hammering from the side not seen, so that the pattern stands out in relief.
Repoussoir
A method of creating or enhancing perspective in a painting, for instance past placing a large figure/object in the foreground. Such repoussoir figures were common features of Dutch figure painting of the seventeenth-century. Dutch Realist landscape artists often exploited the dramatic effect of repoussoir to enliven their pictures of the apartment and featureless Dutch countryside.
Representational fine art
art that attempts to bear witness objects every bit they really appear, or at to the lowest degree in some easily recognizable course.
Rock Art
Petroglyphs, pictographs and other forms of rock engraving or cave painting.
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French annual exhibition in Paris (held from 17th century onwards) of painting and sculpture by members of the Academy, traditionally hostile to innovation.
Salon d'Automne
Rival exhibition held in Paris by the Societe du Salon d'Automne.
Salon des Independants
exhibition of the Societe des Artistes Independents of 1884, including Seurat and Signac. The society had no pick jury.
Salon des Refuses
exhibition of 1863 promoted by Napoleon Three to show works rejected by the official Paris Salon.
Sand Fine art
Practised for centuries past Navajo Indians, Australian aborigines, Oceanic natives and Tibetan Buddhists, it has been given a new lease of life by contemporary artists around the earth.
Scholar-painter
the Japanese equivalent of Wen-jen hua (or "literary men's painting") in Chinese art; a literary-minded amateur who painted for pleasure.
Scroll
coil of newspaper or silk, popular in Oriental fine art. A hand curlicue is well-nigh 30cm (12 in) wide and up to 30m (100 ft) long, and unrolls from right to left to give a continuous picture, viewed section past section. A hanging curl, equally the name implies, is hung like a painting. Both are usually painted in ink or watercolour.
Sculpture
Object carved or modeled in wood, stone, etc or bandage in metal for an artful, nonfunctional purpose; or the process of producing it; hence sculptor. "Sculptural" is used to describe fine art (including painting and drawing) that has pronounced three-dimensional qualities.
Scumble
an opaque or semiopaque layer of pigment practical over some other so that the first is partially obliterated, producing a slightly broken event.
Seascape
painting or drawing of the ocean and shipping.
Cocky-Portraiture
Cocky-portraits were created as early as the Amarna Period (c.1365 BCE) in Ancient Egypt, although the genre wasn't properly exploited until the fourth dimension of Albrecht Durer in belatedly 15th century Frg. Since then, other important pioneers of cocky-portrait painting have included Rembrandt, Vincent Van Gogh and Egon Schiele.
Sfumato
a painting technique developed by Leonardo da Vinci, in which transitions from lite to dark are so gradual they are nearly imperceptible; sfumato blurs lines and creates a soft-focus effect.
Sgraffito
A term meaning scratched; in painting, one colour is laid over some other, and scratched with a tool so that the underlying colour is revealed.
Silverpoint
A drawing method using a slice of metal, usually silvery wire, drawn on a ground prepared with Chinese white, sometimes with pigment added.
Site-specific fine art
Any work of art (typically murals, or sculpture) created for a specific place, which cannot be separated or exhibited outside its intended environment.
Sketching
Typically a sketch is a rapidly executed or casual portrayal of a subject, in pencil, charcoal, pen and ink or other portable medium, ofttimes produced every bit a preliminary work in preparation for something more detailed.
Skyscraper
a type of high-rising building design pioneered by American architects in the Chicago Schoolhouse of Compages (c.1880-1910).
Stabile
A style of 20th century sculpture consisting of a stationary object, fixed to a base of some description. Contrasts with a mobile, the costless-hanging sculptural invention of American sculptor Alexander Calder (1898-1976), stabiles were also created by Calder.
Stained Glass Fine art
Attained its apogee during the era of Gothic Compages.
Statue
Freestanding sculpture; life-size, representational art.
Stencil fine art
An image created by applying ink or paint through a cutting-out surface.
Still Life painting
ane of the major genres of Western art, information technology describes a blazon of painting featuring inanimate everyday objects. There are four types: (1) flower pieces, (2) breakfast or banquet pieces, (three) animate being pieces, (4) Symbolic Still Lifes.
Stippling
a drawing technique which employs many small dots or flecks to construct the image, or shading.
Stoneware
hard pottery fabricated from dirt plus a fusible rock (usually feldspar) and fired at 1200-1400°C so that the rock is vitrified.
Rock Sculpture
Includes carvings from metamorphic, sedementary and igneous rocks.
Support
Canvas, paper, panel, wall, etc on which a painting or drawing is executed.
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Tapestry
wall hanging of silk or wool with a nonrepeating pattern or narrative blueprint woven in by hand, during industry. For details and history, see: Tapestry Art.
Tempera
a method of painting in which pigments are combined with an emulsion of water and egg yolks or whole eggs (plus sometimes glue or milk). Widely used in Italian fine art in the 14th and 15th centuries, both for panel painting and fresco, was and so superceded past oil paint.
Tenebrism
manner of 17th-century painting associated with Caravaggio making much apply of stiff Chiaroscuro.
Terracotta (Latin: "baked world")
hard, fired hut unglazed, chocolate-brown-red clay used for pottery, and building. Come across: Terracotta Sculpture.
Tondo
circular picture or relief.
Trecento
Italian for the 14th century. Traditionally refers to Italian fine fine art (1300-1400).
Tribal Art
Also called Archaic Native Art, it embraces the traditional art of tribal societies in the Americas, Africa, India, the South Pacific, and Australasia.
Triptych
picture or carving in three parts; a form of polyptych mutual for altarpieces.
Trompe l'oeil
painting that "deceives the eye"; type of illusionistic painting characterized by its very precise naturalism.
U-Z
Ukiyo-eastward (woodblock prints)
Japanese, pregnant "pictures of the floating world". Genre painting, and later Woodblock prints, whose subjects were actors, domestic scenes, and courtesans.
Vanishing point
point at which the receding parallel lines in a painting appear to run into; come across Linear perspective.
Vanitas Painting
Even so Life paintings, popular in 17rh century Holland, which contain objects equally reminders of the impermanence of temporal life and of mortality.
Victorian Fine art
British architecture, arts and crafts produced during the reign of Queen Victoria (c.1840-1900).
Video Art
Gimmicky grade pioneered by artists like Andy Warhol (1928-87) and Neb Viola (b.1951). Can exist either stand-lonely or combined with other media in an installation.
Viking Art
Norse art mainly embraces portable metalwork and carvings.
Visual art
A broad category of artistic disciplines, encompassing the fine arts, some of the applied arts and certain modernistic art forms.
Watercolour Painting
Uses a water-soluble painting medium. Watercolours are commonly practical with brushes, simply several other tools may also employed. The most common painting techniques are known every bit moisture-on-dry and wet-on-wet, plus the dry brush techniques dry-on-dry and dry-on-wet. Watercolours can exist removed while still moisture, by blotting. When watercolour are fabricated thicker, opaque and mixed with white, it is generally referred to equally gouache. Thomas Girtin and JMW Turner were 2 neat pioneers of the art form.
Woodblock
Print produced from a design on a wooden block. Come across as well Woodcut prints.
Forest Carving
Reached its apogee in Late Gothic Germany, at the hands of master woods-carvers similar Veit Stoss (1450-1533) and Tilman Riemenschneider (1460-1531).
Word Art
Includes any text-based discussion painting, sculpture or graphic art. Exponents include Barbara Kruger (b.1945), Christopher Wool (b.1955) and On Kawara (1932-2014).
Xylography
Early form of forest engraving, first seen in China in the 1st century CE. Xylography is the oldest known engraving technique.
Yamato-east
the School of Japanese painting from the tenth to the 15th century that preserved the native traditions.
Yellow Book
influential quarterly magazine published from 1894, of which Aubrey Beardsley (1872-98) was art editor.
Ziggurat
aboriginal Babylonian and Assyrian pyramid-shaped construction. See: Assyrian Fine art (c.1500-612 BCE).
Zoomorphic
motifs based on creature forms.
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More Art Glossaries
• For oils, watercolours, acrylics and other moving picture-making materials, see: Painting Glossary. • For more information almost decorative and fine arts, see: Homepage.
• For photographic camera terms, including digital jargon, see: Fine art Photography Glossary.
• For architectural terms, encounter: Compages Glossary.
• For engraving, etching, lithography and woodcut, see: Printmaking Glossary.
• For art colours, pigments and lakes, see: Colour in Art Glossary.
• For styles, schools and periods of painting, sculpture and architecture, see: Fine art Movements Glossary.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ART
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